One Second of Reading a Model by Philip Gough Essay Example

One Second of Reading: a Model by Philip Gough Paper I. AN INTRODUCTION Suppose the eye of a moderately skilled adult reader (henceforth, THE READER) were to fall on this sentence, and that he were to read it aloud. One second after his initial fixation, only the first word will have been uttered. But during that second, a number of events will have transpired in the mind of the Reader. If we knew the train of events, we would know about the different reading processes. If we knew these processes, we would know what the child must learn to become a READER. II. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER First, it tries to describe the sequence of events that transpire in one second of reading, in order to suggest the nature of the processes that link them. Second, it attempts to relate this description to some facts about the acquisition of reading. The description of chain of events is intended to be exhaustive in conviction that the complexity of the reading process cannot be fully appreciated. Thus, it is detailed by choice, speculative by necessity, and almost certainly flawed. III. THE READING PROCESS The Reading process begins with an eye fixation. The Reader’s eyes focus on a point slightly indented from the beginning of the line. They remain on the fixation for some 250msec. They will sweep 1-4 degrees of visual angle, around 10-12 letter spaces to the right, consuming 10-23msec, and a new fixation will begin. When the initial fixation is achieved, a visual pattern is reflected onto the retina. This sets in motion a complicated sequence of activity in the visual system, finishing in the formation of an ICON. We will write a custom essay sample on One Second of Reading: a Model by Philip Gough specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Second of Reading: a Model by Philip Gough specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Second of Reading: a Model by Philip Gough specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer IV. ICONIC REPRESENTATION Reading begins through cognitive and visual processes. The icon is a entral event, presumably corresponding to neural activity in the striate cortex and it is an â€Å"unidentified† or â€Å"pre-categorical† visual image, a set of bars, slits, edges, curves, angles, and breaks. Even though the icon contains any form of content, iconic buffer has a substantial capacity. The decay of the icon persists for several seconds if the stimulus is followed by darkness or it can be erased. V. LETTER IDENTIFICATION Data suggest a comparable rate: MASKED RECOGNITION THRESHOLD for familiar five letter words to be roughly 90 msec. (Scharf, Zamansky, et al. 1966) VISUAL RECOGNITION LATENCY increases steadily from 615 msec for three-letter words to 693 msec for ten-letter words. (Stewart, James, et al. , 1969) Four-letter words are acknowledged some 35 msec faster than six-letter words. (Gough and Stewart, 1970) VI. THE MAPPING PROBLEM Two possibilities: The lexicon ID directly accessible from the character register that the reader goes â€Å"directly† from print to meaning. We go directly from print to meaning in the way of speech. A Third Hypothesis: Getting the advantages of both and the disadvantages of neither VII. LEXICAL SEARCH Prevalence of Ambiguity Words are understood one at a time : seems like frequently misunderstood. Prior context would determine the course of lexical search: procedure not incorporated in the present model Explanation of first prevalence: Presence of lexical ambiguity in a sentence increases difficulty in processing the sentence. For example, a phoneme is given in monitoring a sentence and the reaction time to the target is increased if it is followed by an ambiguous item. Explanation to second prevalence: Several experiments have failed to find evidence that the disruptive effect of ambiguity can be eliminated by prior context. Foss has found the same increase in phoneme monitor latency after an ambiguous word even when that word is preceded by a context that completely disambiguates it. VIII. PRIMARY MEMORY Where contents of lexical entries, including phonological, syntactic, and semantic information are deposited. The PM and the comprehension device interact in some way. Three Evidences: More words may be retained in sentences than out of them. Sentences are remembered better than lists. When words are processed into sentences, the resulting structure is allocated to a further storage system with a much greater capacity. The Place Where Sentences Go When They Are Understood (TPWSGWTAU) When the contents of the PM are integrated, the PM can now be cleared and new items entered. If the sentence arrives first than a list of unrelated words, there is greater memory. Any sentence whose initial words exceed the capacity of PM before they can be understood (i. e. before their grammatical relations can be discovered) will prove incomprehensible. E. g. That’s too big a bag. The PM provides a buffer memory for the comprehension device. MERLIN- some wondrous mechanism operating on the information in the PM tries to discover the deep structure of the fragment, the grammatical relations among its parts. If Merlin succeeds, a semantic interpretation of the fragment is achieved and placed in the ultimate registry, the TPWSGWTAU. If Merlin fails, the fixation will be maintained to provide further processing time. IX. INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL OF GOUGH X. THE ACQUISITION OF READING There are several necessary components: VISUAL SYSTEM- produces an icon LEXICON- prior ideas PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM- speech presentation COMPREHENSION DEVICE- grammar Character Recognition Character recognition poses a problem for child. Children can be discriminated but this is a far cry from the absolute identification demanded by the reading process. And they are capable of simultaneous discrimination like they find the same distinction inordinately difficult in a successive discrimination task. As they teach about these distinctions, there has been a symptom of reading disability. But the discrimination our orthography demands of the child runs directly counter to virtually all of his perceptual experience. Character recognition was the chief impediment to learning to read, for it can be taught. Samuels reported that teaching the alphabet doesn’t facilitate learning to read. Decoding Look and Say Method This method uses the paired-associate (PA) learning, where in the child is confronted with a certain word (the look) to be associated with a response which is (the say). Linguistic Method This method is said to be optimal because it offers a sequence of message pairs in which only an element is varied at a time. This signifies that a child can manage to learn to read under any method as long as they are provided with the appropriate data.

Why Im a Proud Dominican essays

Why I'm a Proud Dominican essays Located in the middle of the chain of islands that make up the Eastern Caribbean is a beautiful island known as "The Nature Island of the Caribbean". It's a spectacular and lush with flora The Dominican flag consists of a central emblem that shows the national bird of Dominica, the Palmchat, in flight, flying toward greater heights, fulfillment and aspirations. The ten lime green stars represent the ten parishes. The colors red, yellow, black, white and green speak boldly of Dominicas commitment to social justice, equal status, the sunshine of our land, our main agricultural produce, the clarity of our rivers and waterfalls, and the purity of aspiration of our people. Our island is rich in black soil that gives us a fertile forest and creates lushness of the island. The national flower, sabinea carinalis, is an indigenous flower and has always been present on our island. Therefore, it can be said that this flower represents the continuity of our young people and longevity of our elders. The national anthem, popularly referred to as The Isle of Beauty retained upon achieving our independence speaks boldly to me as it reflects the splendor, blessings, unity, hard work and the natural beauty of our island. Dressed in my colored tie, black pants, white long sleeve shirt, red sash and black shoes, I am noticed by all who see me. Nothing seems to impress visitors to Dominica as much as our clothing, in either one or the other version of our Creole wear. Music, culture, people and wild celebration merge to form what we know as Carnival. It is the most festive time of the year where there are no enemies and ev...

Edinburgh International Comedy Festival Assignment

Edinburgh International Comedy Festival - Assignment Example This company follows the services religiously to minimize the errors by double-checking. If a mistake occurs it has to be corrected sooner and then delivered to the people because if we make a mistake it would affect us for a long time as there are major long-term commitments we have made. Our operation managers keep check on every single thing that distinct our company from others as a signature like the type of music, lighting and sounds are chosen very carefully and so is our official logo of an importance that reflects our brand loyalty and recognition. The designed logo with the writing style and vivid colors represents the theme of our cafà © (Wong). It is very important to display our updated new official logo for the promotions of the event or advertising because it widely recognized all over the world and there are networks of shops where many tourists but the products or items with the official logo of Hard Rock Cafà © and the company is getting the 48% of the sale from m erchandise. Therefore it should be considered that all the customers and event participants might be getting into the confusion or may doubt the brand status by seeing the old logos at the websites and announcements promoting the annual event organized by your organization. I hope that you will try to prevent the usage of outdated logos of Hard Rock Cafà © and for the recent event promotions I would be grateful if you try your best to make changes in the web designs and announcement by the 1st of June so that we can together fix the blunders that could impact our brand reliability. This act of yours may prolong the benefits of the annual event Edinburgh International Comedy Festival.